Viking Vanguard
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VikingFunctionResearch sounding rocketManufacturerGlenn L. Martin CompanyCountry of originUnited StatesSizeHeight15 m (49 ft)Diameter81 cm (32 in)Stages1CapacityPayload toLaunch historyStatusRetiredLaunch sites
*White Sands Missile Range,
(Vikings 1–3 and 5–12)
*USS Norton Sound,
near the Equator (Viking 4)Total launches12Success(es)7Failure(s)1Partial failure(s)4First flight3 May 1949Last flight4 February 1955First stageEnginesReaction Motors XLR10-RM-2Thrust92.5 kN (20,800 lbf) (sea level)
110.5 kN (24,800 lbf) (vacuum)Specific impulse179.6 s (1.761 km/s)Burn time103 secondsFuelEthyl alcohol and liquid oxygen
The Viking rocket series of sounding rockets were designed and built by the Glenn L. Martin Company (now Lockheed-Martin) under the direction of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL).
359 Followers, 46 Following, 152653 pins - See what Viking Vanguard (vikingvanguard) found on Pinterest, the home of the world’s best ideas. “At Vanguard College Preparatory School, we strive to produce young men and women who are prepared to take the next step in their lives when they leave the doors of the school. Our student-athletes learn. Viking Vanguard Slot Machine Enter this mythical world of Vikings and Dragons and you’ll soon be caught up in a treasure hunt full of payouts and bonuses in ’Viking Vanguard’, a 6-reel online slot game from. Two later rockets in the Viking series, Vanguard TV-0 (renamed from Viking 13) and Vanguard TV-1, substantially similar to Vikings 8 through 12, were used as suborbital test vehicles during Project Vanguard, before the first Vanguard vehicle, Vanguard. Feel like a Viking hero by playing this game. Play Viking Vanguard Slot for Free Online. The deciphering will be part of your ways to win prizes here. Don’t be afraid to start the deciphering, because that will yield payouts, and that is what you are playing for, besides the thrills of getting to know Vikings’.Origins[edit]
After World War II, the United States experimented with captured GermanV-2 rockets as part of the Hermes program. Based on these experiments the U.S. decided in 1946 to develop its own large liquid-fueled rocket design, to be called Neptune but changed to Viking. The intent was to provide an independent U.S. capability in rocketry, to continue the Hermes program after the V-2s were expended, and to provide a vehicle better suited to scientific research. The U.S. Navy, in particular, needed a vehicle to study the atmosphere and learn how to predict bad weather which would affect the fleet.
The V-2 would tumble in the rarefied atmosphere at high altitudes. Having been designed as a weapon, the V-2 carried a large payload, approximately one ton of high explosive. This was more than was considered necessary for the scientific instrument payload of a high-altitude research rocket, but in the case of the V-2, used for research, most of the payload was lead ballast required for stable flight,[1]:250 limiting the potential speed and altitude that could be reached with the smaller payloads typically needed for early scientific investigations.
The United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), partly at the instigation of the American Rocket Society (ARS), chose to build the advanced sounding rocket. Milton Rosen, head of the Viking project, credits rocket pioneer Robert H. Goddard, the ARS, the California Institute of Technology and the V-2 for the ’profound influence’ they had on the design of the rocket.[2]:26 Twelve Viking rockets flew from 1949 to 1955.[2]:28
The Viking was the most advanced large, liquid-fueled rocket being developed in the U.S. at the time.[3]Design features[edit]
The Viking was roughly half the size, in terms of mass and power, of the V-2. Both were actively guided rockets, fueled with the same propellant (Ethyl alcohol and liquid oxygen), which were fed to a single large pump-fed engine by two turbine-driven pumps. The Reaction MotorsXLR10-RM-2 engine was the largest liquid-fueledrocket engine developed in the United States up to that time, producing 92.5 kN (20,800 lbf) (sea level) and 110.5 kN (24,800 lbf) (vacuum) of thrust. Isp was 179.6 s (1.761 km/s) and 214.5 s (2.104 km/s) respectively, with a mission time of 103 seconds. As was also the case for the V-2, hydrogen peroxide was converted to steam to drive the turbopump that fed fuel and oxidizer into the engine. As its V-2 counterpart, it also was regeneratively cooled.[4][5]
Viking pioneered important innovations over the V-2. One of the most significant for rocketry was the use of a gimbaled thrust chamber which could be swiveled from side to side on two axes for pitch and yaw control, dispensing with the inefficient and somewhat fragile graphite vanes in the engine exhaust used by the V-2. The rotation of the engine on the gimbals was controlled by gyroscopic inertial reference; this type of guidance system was invented by Robert H. Goddard, who had partial success with it before World War II intervened.[2]:66 Roll control was by use of the turbopump exhaust to power reaction control system (RCS) jets on the fins. Compressed gas jets stabilized the vehicle after the main power cutoff. Similar devices are now extensively used in large, steerable rockets and in space vehicles. Another improvement was that initially the alcohol tank, and later the LOX tank also, were built integral with the outer skin, saving weight. The structure was also largely aluminum, as opposed to steel used in the V-2, thus shedding more weight.
Vikings 1 through 7 were slightly longer (about 15 m (49 ft)) than the V-2, but with a straight cylindrical body only 82 centimetres (32 in) in diameter, making the rocket quite slender. They had fairly large fins similar to those on the V-2. Vikings 8 through 14 were built with an enlarged airframe of improved design. The diameter was increased to 114 cm, while the length was reduced to 13 m (43 ft), altering the missile’s ’pencil shape’. The fins were made much smaller and triangular. The added diameter meant more fuel and more weight, but the ’mass ratio’, of fueled to empty mass, was improved to about 5:1, a record for the time.Flight history[edit]Diagram showing both Viking rocket variants, Vikings 1 to 7 (left) and 8 to 12 (right).Viking #Launch dateAltitudeRemarksViking 13 May 194980 km (50 mi)Prolonged and trying period of ground firing tests. Altitude limited by premature engine cut-off traced to steam leakage from the turbine casing.Viking 26 September 194951 km (32 mi)Early engine cut-off for same reason as Viking 1. Solved by welding rather than bolting turbine casing halves of subsequent engines.Viking 39 February 195080 km (50 mi)Suffered from instability in a redesigned guidance system; had to be cut off by ground command when it threatened to fly outside launch range.Viking 411 May 1950169 km (105 mi)Launched from the deck of the USS Norton Sound near the Equator, almost the maximum possible for the payload flown, in a nearly perfect flight. Guidance system had been reverted to that of Viking 1 and 2.Viking 521 November 1950174 km (108 mi)Engine thrust was about 5% low, slightly reducing maximum altitude.Viking 611 December 195064 km (40 mi)Suffered catastrophic failure of the stabilizing fins late in powered flight causing loss of attitude control, which created very large drag and reduced maximum altitude.Viking 77 August 1951219 km (136 mi)Beat the old V-2 record for a single-stage rocket. Highest and last flight of the original airframe design.Viking 86 June 19526.4 km (4.0 mi)First rocket of improved airframe design; lost when it broke loose during static testing, flying to just 4 mi (6.4 km) before ground commanded cut-off.Viking 915 December 1952217 km (135 mi)First successful flight of the improved airframe design.Viking 107 May 1954219 km (136 mi)Engine exploded on first launch attempt, 30 June 1953. Rocket was rebuilt and flown successfully.Viking 1124 May 1954254 km (158 mi)Set altitude record for a Western single-stage rocket up to that time.[6]Viking 124 February 1955232 km (144 mi)Re-entry vehicle test, photography, and atmospheric research.
[2]:236
All except Viking 4 were flown from White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico.Achievements[edit]Launch of Viking 4 from the USS Norton Sound at sea, on 11 May 1950
While the underlying motivation for the Viking Project clearly had a national defense component, since it was a U.S. Navy program, it nevertheless established a number of early space exploration landmarks, some technological and some scientific.
Peaceful space travel and space exploration were clearly important objectives that energized many of the higher level instigators even of the German V-2 rocket program, which was funded by the German Army entirely for military purposes. Viking was probably the most ambitious program up to its time, which had significant objectives that were essentially scientific, accompanied by a desire to explore and advance rocket technology for more ambitious peaceful space exploration goals such as artificial earth satellites.[2]:230–235Free Penney Viking Slots
Free spin coin 2019. Technological advances pioneered by Viking included the following:
*An essentially all-aluminum airframe, with a mass ratio (fueled mass to empty vehicle mass) of about 5:1 for the improved (Viking 8 and later) model. This was a significant improvement over the V-2, which was largely constructed of steel. The altitude records achieved by Viking, for a single-stage rocket, were mostly the result of its light-weight structure.
*Thrust vector control by gimbaling the rocket motor, as opposed to the graphite vanes used by the German V-2 and the U.S. Army Redstone missiles. This method of control has become standard since, both for reliability and efficiency reasons.
*Control of the vehicle’s orientation, after fuel exhaustion of the main engine, by small auxiliary jets, permitting programmed pointing of scientific instruments, etc.
*Extensive radio telemetry for both engineering and scientific data, which greatly reduced the number of test flights needed before useful results were obtained.
Among its scientific achievements, firsts up to their time, were:Viking Vanguard Snowmobile
*The highest altitude measurement of atmospheric density (by Viking 7).
*The highest altitude measurement of atmospheric winds (Viking 7).
*The first measurements of the atmospheric positive ion composition at high altitude (Viking 10).
*The highest altitude exposures of cosmic-ray emulsions (Vikings 9, 10, and 11).
*The highest altitude photographs of the Earth (Viking 11).
Through the Viking flights, NRL was first to measure temperature, pressure, density, composition and winds in the upper atmosphere and electron density in the ionosphere, and to record the ultraviolet spectra of the Sun.[2]:234
On 24 May 1954, during a launching from White Sands, New Mexico, a camera mounted in Viking 11 took the first picture of a hurricane and a tropical storm, from altitudes of nearly 160 km (99 mi). The picture embraced an area more than 1,600 km (990 mi) in diameter, including Mexico and the area from Texas to Iowa. This was also the first natural-color picture of Earth from rocket altitudes, clearly showing its curvature.Viking into Vanguard[edit]
The success NRL achieved in this series of experiments suggest that, with a more powerful engine and the addition of upper stages, the Viking rocket could be made a vehicle capable of launching an Earth satellite. The Viking was thus incorporated as the first stage of NRL’s three-stage Project Vanguard vehicle which launched the second U.S. satellite. Two later rockets in the Viking series, Vanguard TV-0 (renamed from Viking 13) and Vanguard TV-1, substantially similar to Vikings 8 through 12, were used as suborbital test vehicles during Project Vanguard, before the first Vanguard vehicle, Vanguard TV-2, became available for test in the fall of 1957.[7] and were designated Vanguard TV-0 and Vanguard TV-1 respectively.Legacy and Status[edit]
Wild frames rtp. The National Air and Space Museum contains a full-size cutaway reconstruction of Viking 12, built from original blueprints.[8]See also[edit]References[edit]
*^Willy Ley (June 1951). Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel. Dominion of Canada: Viking Press. OCLC716327624.
*^ abcdefMilton W. Rosen (1955). The Viking Rocket Story. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC317524549.
*^’History of Rocketry & Space Travel’, revised edition, Wernher von Braun and Frederick I. Ordway III, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York, 1969, p. 151
*^’U.S. space-rocket liquid propellant engines’. b14643.de. Archived from the original on 1 November 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
*^Winter, Frank H. (1990). ’Chapter 3 - Rockets Enter the Space Age’. Rockets Into Space. Harvard University Press. p. 66. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
*^’Viking’. Encyclopedia Astronautica.
*^Ordway, Frederick I.; Wakeford, Ronald C.International Missile and Spacecraft Guide, N.Y., McGraw-Hill, 1960, p. 208
*^’Viking Sounding Rocket’. National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 5 December 2020.External links[edit]Viking Vanguard Snowmobile
Adapted from:Viking Vanguard Legendary Armor
*1948 Rocket Will Double V-2’s Record July 1947 article on original Neptune ProgramThe Varangians Of ByzantiumRetrieved from ’https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viking_(rocket)&oldid=1009086084’
Register here: http://gg.gg/wbz7j
https://diarynote-jp.indered.space
VikingFunctionResearch sounding rocketManufacturerGlenn L. Martin CompanyCountry of originUnited StatesSizeHeight15 m (49 ft)Diameter81 cm (32 in)Stages1CapacityPayload toLaunch historyStatusRetiredLaunch sites
*White Sands Missile Range,
(Vikings 1–3 and 5–12)
*USS Norton Sound,
near the Equator (Viking 4)Total launches12Success(es)7Failure(s)1Partial failure(s)4First flight3 May 1949Last flight4 February 1955First stageEnginesReaction Motors XLR10-RM-2Thrust92.5 kN (20,800 lbf) (sea level)
110.5 kN (24,800 lbf) (vacuum)Specific impulse179.6 s (1.761 km/s)Burn time103 secondsFuelEthyl alcohol and liquid oxygen
The Viking rocket series of sounding rockets were designed and built by the Glenn L. Martin Company (now Lockheed-Martin) under the direction of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL).
359 Followers, 46 Following, 152653 pins - See what Viking Vanguard (vikingvanguard) found on Pinterest, the home of the world’s best ideas. “At Vanguard College Preparatory School, we strive to produce young men and women who are prepared to take the next step in their lives when they leave the doors of the school. Our student-athletes learn. Viking Vanguard Slot Machine Enter this mythical world of Vikings and Dragons and you’ll soon be caught up in a treasure hunt full of payouts and bonuses in ’Viking Vanguard’, a 6-reel online slot game from. Two later rockets in the Viking series, Vanguard TV-0 (renamed from Viking 13) and Vanguard TV-1, substantially similar to Vikings 8 through 12, were used as suborbital test vehicles during Project Vanguard, before the first Vanguard vehicle, Vanguard. Feel like a Viking hero by playing this game. Play Viking Vanguard Slot for Free Online. The deciphering will be part of your ways to win prizes here. Don’t be afraid to start the deciphering, because that will yield payouts, and that is what you are playing for, besides the thrills of getting to know Vikings’.Origins[edit]
After World War II, the United States experimented with captured GermanV-2 rockets as part of the Hermes program. Based on these experiments the U.S. decided in 1946 to develop its own large liquid-fueled rocket design, to be called Neptune but changed to Viking. The intent was to provide an independent U.S. capability in rocketry, to continue the Hermes program after the V-2s were expended, and to provide a vehicle better suited to scientific research. The U.S. Navy, in particular, needed a vehicle to study the atmosphere and learn how to predict bad weather which would affect the fleet.
The V-2 would tumble in the rarefied atmosphere at high altitudes. Having been designed as a weapon, the V-2 carried a large payload, approximately one ton of high explosive. This was more than was considered necessary for the scientific instrument payload of a high-altitude research rocket, but in the case of the V-2, used for research, most of the payload was lead ballast required for stable flight,[1]:250 limiting the potential speed and altitude that could be reached with the smaller payloads typically needed for early scientific investigations.
The United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), partly at the instigation of the American Rocket Society (ARS), chose to build the advanced sounding rocket. Milton Rosen, head of the Viking project, credits rocket pioneer Robert H. Goddard, the ARS, the California Institute of Technology and the V-2 for the ’profound influence’ they had on the design of the rocket.[2]:26 Twelve Viking rockets flew from 1949 to 1955.[2]:28
The Viking was the most advanced large, liquid-fueled rocket being developed in the U.S. at the time.[3]Design features[edit]
The Viking was roughly half the size, in terms of mass and power, of the V-2. Both were actively guided rockets, fueled with the same propellant (Ethyl alcohol and liquid oxygen), which were fed to a single large pump-fed engine by two turbine-driven pumps. The Reaction MotorsXLR10-RM-2 engine was the largest liquid-fueledrocket engine developed in the United States up to that time, producing 92.5 kN (20,800 lbf) (sea level) and 110.5 kN (24,800 lbf) (vacuum) of thrust. Isp was 179.6 s (1.761 km/s) and 214.5 s (2.104 km/s) respectively, with a mission time of 103 seconds. As was also the case for the V-2, hydrogen peroxide was converted to steam to drive the turbopump that fed fuel and oxidizer into the engine. As its V-2 counterpart, it also was regeneratively cooled.[4][5]
Viking pioneered important innovations over the V-2. One of the most significant for rocketry was the use of a gimbaled thrust chamber which could be swiveled from side to side on two axes for pitch and yaw control, dispensing with the inefficient and somewhat fragile graphite vanes in the engine exhaust used by the V-2. The rotation of the engine on the gimbals was controlled by gyroscopic inertial reference; this type of guidance system was invented by Robert H. Goddard, who had partial success with it before World War II intervened.[2]:66 Roll control was by use of the turbopump exhaust to power reaction control system (RCS) jets on the fins. Compressed gas jets stabilized the vehicle after the main power cutoff. Similar devices are now extensively used in large, steerable rockets and in space vehicles. Another improvement was that initially the alcohol tank, and later the LOX tank also, were built integral with the outer skin, saving weight. The structure was also largely aluminum, as opposed to steel used in the V-2, thus shedding more weight.
Vikings 1 through 7 were slightly longer (about 15 m (49 ft)) than the V-2, but with a straight cylindrical body only 82 centimetres (32 in) in diameter, making the rocket quite slender. They had fairly large fins similar to those on the V-2. Vikings 8 through 14 were built with an enlarged airframe of improved design. The diameter was increased to 114 cm, while the length was reduced to 13 m (43 ft), altering the missile’s ’pencil shape’. The fins were made much smaller and triangular. The added diameter meant more fuel and more weight, but the ’mass ratio’, of fueled to empty mass, was improved to about 5:1, a record for the time.Flight history[edit]Diagram showing both Viking rocket variants, Vikings 1 to 7 (left) and 8 to 12 (right).Viking #Launch dateAltitudeRemarksViking 13 May 194980 km (50 mi)Prolonged and trying period of ground firing tests. Altitude limited by premature engine cut-off traced to steam leakage from the turbine casing.Viking 26 September 194951 km (32 mi)Early engine cut-off for same reason as Viking 1. Solved by welding rather than bolting turbine casing halves of subsequent engines.Viking 39 February 195080 km (50 mi)Suffered from instability in a redesigned guidance system; had to be cut off by ground command when it threatened to fly outside launch range.Viking 411 May 1950169 km (105 mi)Launched from the deck of the USS Norton Sound near the Equator, almost the maximum possible for the payload flown, in a nearly perfect flight. Guidance system had been reverted to that of Viking 1 and 2.Viking 521 November 1950174 km (108 mi)Engine thrust was about 5% low, slightly reducing maximum altitude.Viking 611 December 195064 km (40 mi)Suffered catastrophic failure of the stabilizing fins late in powered flight causing loss of attitude control, which created very large drag and reduced maximum altitude.Viking 77 August 1951219 km (136 mi)Beat the old V-2 record for a single-stage rocket. Highest and last flight of the original airframe design.Viking 86 June 19526.4 km (4.0 mi)First rocket of improved airframe design; lost when it broke loose during static testing, flying to just 4 mi (6.4 km) before ground commanded cut-off.Viking 915 December 1952217 km (135 mi)First successful flight of the improved airframe design.Viking 107 May 1954219 km (136 mi)Engine exploded on first launch attempt, 30 June 1953. Rocket was rebuilt and flown successfully.Viking 1124 May 1954254 km (158 mi)Set altitude record for a Western single-stage rocket up to that time.[6]Viking 124 February 1955232 km (144 mi)Re-entry vehicle test, photography, and atmospheric research.
[2]:236
All except Viking 4 were flown from White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico.Achievements[edit]Launch of Viking 4 from the USS Norton Sound at sea, on 11 May 1950
While the underlying motivation for the Viking Project clearly had a national defense component, since it was a U.S. Navy program, it nevertheless established a number of early space exploration landmarks, some technological and some scientific.
Peaceful space travel and space exploration were clearly important objectives that energized many of the higher level instigators even of the German V-2 rocket program, which was funded by the German Army entirely for military purposes. Viking was probably the most ambitious program up to its time, which had significant objectives that were essentially scientific, accompanied by a desire to explore and advance rocket technology for more ambitious peaceful space exploration goals such as artificial earth satellites.[2]:230–235Free Penney Viking Slots
Free spin coin 2019. Technological advances pioneered by Viking included the following:
*An essentially all-aluminum airframe, with a mass ratio (fueled mass to empty vehicle mass) of about 5:1 for the improved (Viking 8 and later) model. This was a significant improvement over the V-2, which was largely constructed of steel. The altitude records achieved by Viking, for a single-stage rocket, were mostly the result of its light-weight structure.
*Thrust vector control by gimbaling the rocket motor, as opposed to the graphite vanes used by the German V-2 and the U.S. Army Redstone missiles. This method of control has become standard since, both for reliability and efficiency reasons.
*Control of the vehicle’s orientation, after fuel exhaustion of the main engine, by small auxiliary jets, permitting programmed pointing of scientific instruments, etc.
*Extensive radio telemetry for both engineering and scientific data, which greatly reduced the number of test flights needed before useful results were obtained.
Among its scientific achievements, firsts up to their time, were:Viking Vanguard Snowmobile
*The highest altitude measurement of atmospheric density (by Viking 7).
*The highest altitude measurement of atmospheric winds (Viking 7).
*The first measurements of the atmospheric positive ion composition at high altitude (Viking 10).
*The highest altitude exposures of cosmic-ray emulsions (Vikings 9, 10, and 11).
*The highest altitude photographs of the Earth (Viking 11).
Through the Viking flights, NRL was first to measure temperature, pressure, density, composition and winds in the upper atmosphere and electron density in the ionosphere, and to record the ultraviolet spectra of the Sun.[2]:234
On 24 May 1954, during a launching from White Sands, New Mexico, a camera mounted in Viking 11 took the first picture of a hurricane and a tropical storm, from altitudes of nearly 160 km (99 mi). The picture embraced an area more than 1,600 km (990 mi) in diameter, including Mexico and the area from Texas to Iowa. This was also the first natural-color picture of Earth from rocket altitudes, clearly showing its curvature.Viking into Vanguard[edit]
The success NRL achieved in this series of experiments suggest that, with a more powerful engine and the addition of upper stages, the Viking rocket could be made a vehicle capable of launching an Earth satellite. The Viking was thus incorporated as the first stage of NRL’s three-stage Project Vanguard vehicle which launched the second U.S. satellite. Two later rockets in the Viking series, Vanguard TV-0 (renamed from Viking 13) and Vanguard TV-1, substantially similar to Vikings 8 through 12, were used as suborbital test vehicles during Project Vanguard, before the first Vanguard vehicle, Vanguard TV-2, became available for test in the fall of 1957.[7] and were designated Vanguard TV-0 and Vanguard TV-1 respectively.Legacy and Status[edit]
Wild frames rtp. The National Air and Space Museum contains a full-size cutaway reconstruction of Viking 12, built from original blueprints.[8]See also[edit]References[edit]
*^Willy Ley (June 1951). Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel. Dominion of Canada: Viking Press. OCLC716327624.
*^ abcdefMilton W. Rosen (1955). The Viking Rocket Story. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC317524549.
*^’History of Rocketry & Space Travel’, revised edition, Wernher von Braun and Frederick I. Ordway III, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York, 1969, p. 151
*^’U.S. space-rocket liquid propellant engines’. b14643.de. Archived from the original on 1 November 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
*^Winter, Frank H. (1990). ’Chapter 3 - Rockets Enter the Space Age’. Rockets Into Space. Harvard University Press. p. 66. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
*^’Viking’. Encyclopedia Astronautica.
*^Ordway, Frederick I.; Wakeford, Ronald C.International Missile and Spacecraft Guide, N.Y., McGraw-Hill, 1960, p. 208
*^’Viking Sounding Rocket’. National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 5 December 2020.External links[edit]Viking Vanguard Snowmobile
Adapted from:Viking Vanguard Legendary Armor
*1948 Rocket Will Double V-2’s Record July 1947 article on original Neptune ProgramThe Varangians Of ByzantiumRetrieved from ’https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viking_(rocket)&oldid=1009086084’
Register here: http://gg.gg/wbz7j
https://diarynote-jp.indered.space
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